Evidence #167 | March 15, 2021

Book of Mormon Evidence: Attestation of Paanchi

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Scripture Central

Abstract

Paanchi is an attested Egyptian name predating the time of Lehi.

An Attested Egyptian Name

Paanchi was the name of one of the sons of the Nephite Chief Judge Pahoran who contended for the judgement seat after the death of their father (Helaman 1:3). Paanchi was put to death for attempting to raise an insurrection when his brother was appointed as governor by the voice of the people (Helaman 1:7–8).

Statue of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep, believed to be the founder of the Thirteenth Dynasty. Image via Wikipedia. 

Hugh Nibley was the first to notice that Paanchi is an authentic Egyptian name (p3- ʿnh),1 which means “the living one.”2 The name’s first attestation comes from the Thirteenth Dynasty (1800–1600 BC), and it was a popular Egyptian name thereafter.3

In 1966 one critic of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints wrote a series of inflammatory letters to several ancient Near Eastern scholars, seemingly designed to elicit negative statements about Latter-day Saint scriptures. This man received an unexpected response from William F. Albright, a prominent biblical scholar at Johns Hopkins University. While Albright was a Protestant (and hence not a believer in the Book of Mormon), he nevertheless wrote back:

As you know, when the Book of Mormon was written, Egyptian had just begun to be deciphered and it is all the more surprising that there are two Egyptian names, Paanch and Pahor(an)4 which appear together in the Book of Mormon in close connection with a reference to the original language as being “Reformed Egyptian.”

Unable to offer a viable explanation for how a name such as Paanchi could end up in the Book of Mormon, Albright vaguely suggested that Joseph Smith was some kind of “religious genius.”5

William Foxwell Albright. Image via johnchristy.com.

Frustrated by this unanticipated positive comment about the Book of Mormon, this man subsequently wrote to another scholar in England. Not mentioning Albright by name, he complained of “another scholar who is renowned in ancient Semitic studies” who “though a Protestant, he writes of the Book of Mormon like it had authentic Egyptian-Hebrew supports. He even offered me what he said were two good Egyptian names in the Book of Mormon … Why would he leave an impression that Joseph Smith was on the right track?”6

Conclusion

Because Egyptology was still in its infancy in 1830, there is no way that Joseph Smith could have known that Paanchi was an attested Egyptian name. And yet, as Albright pointed out, it shows up next to another authentic Egyptian name in a text that purports to have been engraved in an Egyptian script (Mormon 9:32; cf. 1 Nephi 1:2; Mosiah 1:4), providing valid linguistic support for the Book of Mormon’s ancient Near Eastern origins. The name Paanchi may have become known to the Nephites by means of the plates of brass which contained historical information about ancient Israel and their interactions with other nations including Egypt and its people. 

Further Reading
Endnotes
Linguistics
Attested Names
Paanchi
Book of Mormon

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