Evidence #241 | September 20, 2021
Multiple Calendars
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Scripture Central
Abstract
The Book of Mormon features multiple calendar systems that occasionally overlap and collectively feature hundreds of time-related references.Book of Mormon Calendars
The Book of Mormon contains three main calendar systems. The first, established by Nephi and used primarily by subsequent writers of the small plates, marks the passage of time in relation to the year that Lehi left Jerusalem (1 Nephi 2:4). While fewer references are made to this system overall, it contains the longest span of time (more than 600 years).
The second system was established when King Mosiah changed the Nephite monarchy into a system of judges, hence its designation as the “reign of the judges” (Mosiah 29:44). This system began in the first year of Alma’s reign as chief judge, which coincides with the opening chapter of the book of Alma (Alma 1:2). While only lasting about 100 years (3 Nephi 2:5), this period of Nephite history is the most thoroughly documented, containing approximately 170 references to specific dates.
The final calendar marks the passage of time from the year of Christ’s birth, which was made known to Book of Mormon peoples by a heavenly sign, as prophesied of by Samuel the Lamanite (Helaman 14:2–3). The fulfillment of this sign is reported in 3 Nephi 1:15, and in the next chapter Mormon informs readers that “the Nephites began to reckon their time from this period when the sign was given, or from the coming of Christ” (3 Nephi 2:7). This calendar system is used through the rest of Mormon’s abridgment, as well as in Mormon and Moroni’s own final records.
In addition to these primary calendar systems, the Book of Mormon contains a couple other instances of sequential dating. Mormon included a short account given by Zeniff, which records the years of his reign in the lands of Lehi-Nephi and Shilom (Mosiah 9–10). Zeniff’s record contains four references to the passage of time,1 which report either the number of years his people had dwelt in the land or, in one instance, the number of years Zeniff had reigned over his people (which seem to be one and the same).
A second brief sequence of time references is found in Ether 13:18–24, which marks the first, second, third, and fourth years that Ether hid in the cavity of a rock. While other time references are scattered throughout the book of Ether (such as the years of peace during a ruler’s reign or the number of years since a ruler attained a throne), they are typically given in isolation with no way to correlate them.2
Overlapping Calendars
In a couple instances, multiple calendars are used simultaneously. In 3 Nephi 1:1, after noting that “the ninety and first year [of the reign of the judges] had passed away,” Mormon reverted back to the early Nephite calendar, informing readers that this same date marked “six hundred years from the time that Lehi left Jerusalem.” This, of course, was an important date in the Nephite calendar because of the repeated prophecy that Christ would be born in this very year,3 the sign of which is reported as appearing only a few verses later (v. 15). Because the sign occurred in this same year, it also marked the first year of the new Nephite calendar which reckoned time from the sign of Christ’s birth.
In the next chapter, Mormon gave the following chronological report:
And also an hundred years had passed away since the days of Mosiah, who was king over the people of the Nephites. And six hundred and nine years had passed away since Lehi left Jerusalem. And nine years had passed away from the time when the sign was given, which was spoken of by the prophets, that Christ should come into the world. (3 Nephi 2:5–7)
Importantly, on these occasions where the date for all three calendars is given, the correlation among the respective systems is mathematically accurate.4
Conclusion
Together, throughout its multiple calendar systems, the Book of Mormon features hundreds of sequentially accurate time-related references (see Appendix).5 If the book were a mere work of fiction, it wouldn’t have to be so chronologically complex. It would surely have been much easier for Joseph Smith or any other proposed 19th century author to implement a single calendar system with fewer time-related references. Yet the text features various systems, as might be expected from an authentically ancient civilization that persisted for nearly a thousand years.6
Even near the transition phases from one calendar to another, the narrator never forgets which system of years is being reckoned. And on the two occasions where a date is given for multiple calendars simultaneously, the time correlation among the systems is mathematically accurate.7 The implementation of these separate calendars, with their host of dates and their respective modes of reckoning, is an important component of the Book of Mormon’s complexity.
John L. Sorenson, Mormon’s Codex: An Ancient American Setting (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2013), 434–442.
David Rolph Seely, “Chronology, Book of Mormon,” in Book of Mormon Reference Companion, ed. Dennis L. Largey (Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book, 2003), 196–204.
John P. Pratt, “Book of Mormon Chronology,” in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 4 vols., ed. Daniel H. Ludlow (New York, NY: Macmillan, 1992), 1:169–171.
See Appendix.See Appendix.
Chart Explanation:
The following chart provides a comprehensive list of sequentially significant time references in the Book of Mormon presented in the order that they show up in the text. The abbreviations in the “Calendar” column on the left correspond to the following time-keeping systems:
- LD: Lehi’s Departure from Jerusalem
- ZR: Zeniff’s Reign
- RJ: Reign of the Judges
- SCB: Sign of Christ’s Birth
- EH: Ether in Hiding
Calendar | Time References | Verse |
LD | 30 years (passed) | 2 Nephi 5:28 |
LD | 40 years (passed) | 2 Nephi 5:34 |
LD | 55 years (passed) | Jacob 1:1 |
LD | 179 years (passed) | Enos 1:25 |
LD | 200 years (passed) | Jarom 1:5 |
LD | 238 years (passed) | Jarom 1:13 |
LD | 276 years (passed) | Omni 1:3 |
LD | 320 years (passed) | Omni 1:5 |
LD | 476 years (passed) | Mosiah 6:4 |
ZR | 12 years (space of) | Mosiah 9:11 |
ZR | 13th year | Mosiah 9:14 |
ZR | 22 years (space of) | Mosiah 10:3 |
ZR | 22 years (space of) | Mosiah 10:5 |
LD | 509 years (from) | Mosiah 29:46 |
RJ | 1st year | Alma 1:1 |
RJ | 1st year | Alma 1:2 |
RJ | 2nd year | Alma 1:23 |
RJ | 5th year | Alma 1:33 |
RJ | 5th year (start) | Alma 2:1 |
RJ | 5th year (ended) | Alma 3:25 |
RJ | 5th year (ended) | Alma 3:27 |
RJ | 6th year | Alma 4:1 |
RJ | 7th year | Alma 4:5(a) |
RJ | 7th year (ended) | Alma 45(b) |
RJ | 8th year | Alma 4:6 |
RJ | 8th year | Alma 4:9 |
RJ | 8th year (ended) | Alma 4:10 |
RJ | 9th year (start) | Alma 4:11 |
RJ | 9th year (start) | Alma 4:20 |
RJ | 9th year (ended) | Alma 8:2 |
RJ | 10th year (start) | Alma 8:3 |
RJ | 10th year, 7th month, 4th day | Alma 10:6 |
RJ | 10th year, 10th month, 12th day | Alma 14:23 |
RJ | 10th year (ended) | Alma 15:19 |
RJ | 11th year, 2nd month, 5th day | Alma 16:1 |
RJ | 11th year | Alma 16:9 |
RJ | 14th year | Alma 16:12 |
RJ | 14th year (ended) | Alma 16:21 |
RJ | 15th year (ended) | Alma 28:7 |
RJ | 15th year (ended) | Alma 28:9 |
RJ | 1st–15th years (review) | Alma 28:10 |
RJ | 16th year | Alma 30:2 |
RJ | 16th year | Alma 30:4 |
RJ | 17th year (start) | Alma 30:5 |
RJ | 17th year (latter end) | Alma 30:6 |
RJ | 17th year (ended) | Alma 35:12 |
RJ | 18th year | Alma 35:13 |
RJ | 18th year | Alma 43:3 |
RJ | 18th year (start) | Alma 43:4 |
RJ | 18th year (ended) | Alma 44:24 |
RJ | 19th year | Alma 45:2 |
RJ | 19th year (start) | Alma 45:20 |
RJ | 19th year (near end) | Alma 46:37 |
RJ | 19th year (latter end) | Alma 48:2 |
RJ | 19th year (latter end) | Alma 48:21 |
RJ | 19th year, 11th month, 10th day | Alma 49:1 |
RJ | 19th year (ended) | Alma 49:29 |
RJ | 20th year (start) | Alma 50:1 |
RJ | 20th year (ended) | Alma 50:16 |
RJ | 21st year (start) | Alma 50:17 |
RJ | 21st year | Alma 50:23 |
RJ | 22nd year (ended) | Alma 50:24(a) |
RJ | 23rd year (ended) | Alma 50:24(b) |
RJ | 24th year (start) | Alma 50:25 |
RJ | 24th year (ended) | Alma 50:35 |
RJ | 24th year (in the end) | Alma 50:40 |
RJ | 25th year (start) | Alma 51:1 |
RJ | 25th year | Alma 51:12 |
RJ | 25th year (ended) | Alma 51:37 |
RJ | 26th year, 1st month, 1st morning | Alma 52:1 |
RJ | 26th year (in the end) | Alma 52:14 |
RJ | 27th year | Alma 52:15 |
RJ | 27th year (latter end) | Alma 52:18 |
RJ | 28th year (start) | Alma 52:19 |
RJ | 28th year (ended) | Alma 53:23 |
RJ | 29th year (start) | Alma 54:1 |
RJ | 29th year (ended) | Alma 55:35 |
RJ | 30th year, 1st month, 2nd day | Alma 56:1 |
RJ | 26th year | Alma 56:7 |
RJ | 26th year | Alma 56:98 |
RJ | 26th year (ended) | Alma 56:20(a) |
RJ | 27th year (start) | Alma 56:20(b) |
RJ | [27th year], 2nd month | Alma 56:27 |
RJ | [27th year], 7th month, 3rd day | Alma 56:42 |
RJ | 28th year (ended) | Alma 57:5 |
RJ | 29th year (start) | Alma 57:6 |
RJ | [29th year] (space of many months) | Alma 58:7 |
RJ | 29th year (latter end) | Alma 58:38 |
RJ | 30th year | Alma 59:1 |
RJ | 30th year (ended) | Alma 62:11 |
RJ | 31st year (start) | Alma 62:12 |
RJ | 31st year (ended) | Alma 62:39 |
RJ | 35th year | Alma 62:52 |
RJ | 36th year (start) | Alma 63:1 |
RJ | 36th year (ended) | Alma 63:3 |
RJ | 37th year | Alma 63:4 |
RJ | 37th year (ended) | Alma 63:6 |
RJ | 38th year | Alma 63:7 |
RJ | 38th year (ended) | Alma 63:9 |
RJ | 39th year | Alma 63:10 |
RJ | 39th year (ended) | Alma 63:16 |
RJ | 40th year (start) | Helaman 1:1 |
RJ | 40th year (ended) | Helaman 1:13 |
RJ | 41st year | Helaman 1:14 |
RJ | 41st year (ended) | Helaman 1:34 |
RJ | 42nd | Helaman 2:1 |
RJ | 42nd year (ended) | Helaman 2:12 |
RJ | 43rd year | Helaman 3:1(a) |
RJ | 43rd year (in the end) | Helaman 3:1(b) |
RJ | 44th year | Helaman 3:2(a) |
RJ | 45th year | Helaman 3:2(b) |
RJ | 46th year (ended) | Helaman 3:18 |
RJ | 47th year | Helaman 3:19(b) |
RJ | 48th year | Helaman 3:19(a) |
RJ | 48th year (latter end) | Helaman 3:22 |
RJ | 49th year | Helaman 3:23 |
RJ | 49th year (remainder) | Helaman 3:32(a) |
RJ | 50th year | Helaman 3:32(b) |
RJ | 51st year | Helaman 3:33 |
RJ | 52nd year | Helaman 3:36 |
RJ | 53rd year | Helaman 3:37 |
RJ | 54th year | Helaman 4:1 |
RJ | 56th year | Helaman 4:4 |
RJ | 57th year | Helaman 4:5(a) |
RJ | 58th year | Helaman 4:5(b) |
RJ | 58th year | Helaman 4:8 |
RJ | 60th year | Helaman 4:9 |
RJ | 61st year | Helaman 4:10 |
RJ | 61st year (ended) | Helaman 4:17 |
RJ | 62nd year | Helaman 4:18 |
RJ | 62nd year (ended) | Helaman 6:1 |
RJ | 63rd year (ended) | Helaman 6:6 |
RJ | 64th year (passed) | Helaman 6:13 |
RJ | 65th year | Helaman 6:14(a) |
RJ | 65th year (passed) | Helaman 6:14(b) |
RJ | 66th year | Helaman 6:15(a) |
RJ | 66th year (ended) | Helaman 6:15(b) |
RJ | 67th year (start) | Helaman 6:16 |
RJ | 67th year | Helaman 6:32 |
RJ | 68th year | Helaman 6:33 |
RJ | 68th year (ended) | Helaman 6:41 |
RJ | 69th year | Helaman 7:1 |
RJ | 71st year (ended) | Helaman 10:19 |
RJ | 72nd year | Helaman 11:1 |
RJ | 73rd year | Helaman 11:2 |
RJ | 74th year | Helaman 11:5 |
RJ | 75th year | Helaman 11:6 |
RJ | 76th year | Helaman 11:17 |
RJ | 76th year (ended) | Helaman 11:21(a) |
RJ | 77th year (start) | Helaman 11:21(b) |
RJ | 77th year (ended) | Helaman 11:21(c) |
RJ | 78th year | Helaman 11:22 |
RJ | 79th year | Helaman 11:23 |
RJ | 80th year | Helaman 11:24 |
RJ | 80th year | Helaman 11:29 |
RJ | 81st year | Helaman 11:30 |
RJ | [81st year] (ended) | Helaman 11:32 |
RJ | 81st year (ended) | Helaman 11:35 |
RJ | 82nd year | Helaman 11:36(a) |
RJ | 83rd year | Helaman 11:36(b) |
RJ | 84th year | Helaman 11:36(c) |
RJ | 85th year | Helaman 11:37 |
RJ | 85th year (ended) | Helaman 11:38 |
RJ | 86th year | Helaman 13:1 |
RJ | 86th year (ended) | Helaman 16:9 |
RJ | 87th year (ended) | Helaman 16:10 |
RJ | 88th year | Helaman 16:11 |
RJ | 89th year | Helaman 16:12 |
RJ | 90th year | Helaman 16:13 |
RJ | 90th year (ended) | Helaman 16:24 |
RJ | 91st year (passed) | 3 Nephi 1:1(a) |
LD | 600 years | 3 Nephi 1:1(a) |
RJ | 92nd year (start) | 3 Nephi 1:4 |
RJ | 92nd year (passed) | 3 Nephi 1:26 |
RJ | 93rd year (passed) | 3 Nephi 1:27 |
RJ | 94th year | 3 Nephi 1:28 |
RJ | 95th year (passed) | 3 Nephi 2:1 |
RJ | 96th year (passed) | 3 Nephi 2:4(a) |
RJ | 97th year [passed] | 3 Nephi 2:4(b) |
RJ | 98th year [passed] | 3 Nephi 2:4(c) |
RJ | 99th year [passed) | 3 Nephi 2:4(d) |
RJ | 100 years (passed) | 3 Nephi 2:5 |
LD | 609 years (passed) | 3 Nephi 2:6 |
SCB | 9 years (passed) | 3 Nephi 2:7 |
SCB | 9 years (passed) | 3 Nephi 2:8 |
SCB | 10th year (passed) | 3 Nephi 2:10(a) |
SCB | 11th year (passed) | 3 Nephi 2:10(b) |
SCB | 13th year | 3 Nephi 2:11 |
SCB | 13 year (ended) | 3 Nephi 2:16 |
SCB | 14th year (start) | 3 Nephi 2:17 |
SCB | 14th year (ended) | 3 Nephi 2:18(a) |
SCB | 15th year | 3 Nephi 2:18(b) |
SCB | 15th year (ended) | 3 Nephi 2:19 |
SCB | 16th | 3 Nephi 3:1 |
SCB | 17th year (latter end) | 3 Nephi 3:22 |
SCB | 18th year (latter end) | 3 Nephi 4:1 |
SCB | 18th year (passed) | 3 Nephi 4:4 |
SCB | 19th year | 3 Nephi 4:5 |
SCB | [19th year] 6th month | 3 Nephi 4:7 |
SCB | [19th year] 6th month | 3 Nephi 4:11 |
SCB | 19th year (passed) | 3 Nephi 4:15(a) |
SCB | 20th year | 3 Nephi 4:15(b) |
SCB | 21st year | 3 Nephi 4:16 |
SCB | 22nd year (passed) | 3 Nephi 5:7(a) |
SCB | 23rd year [passed] | 3 Nephi 5:7(b) |
SCB | 24th year [passed] | 3 Nephi 5:7(c) |
SCB | 25th year [passed] | 3 Nephi 5:7(d) |
SCB | 25 years (space of) | 3 Nephi 5:8 |
SCB | 26th year | 3 Nephi 6:1 |
SCB | 26th year (passed) | 3 Nephi 6:4(a) |
SCB | 27th year (passed) | 3 Nephi 6:4(b) |
SCB | 28th year (passed) | 3 Nephi 6:9 |
SCB | 29th year | 3 Nephi 6:10 |
SCB | 30th year | 3 Nephi 6:14 |
SCB | 30th year (start) | 3 Nephi 6:17 |
SCB | 30th year | 3 Nephi 7:1 |
SCB | 30th year (ended) | 3 Nephi 7:13 |
SCB | 31st year | 3 Nephi 7:14 |
SCB | 31st year (passed) | 3 Nephi 7:21 |
SCB | 32nd year (passed | 3 Nephi 7:23(a) |
SCB | 33rd year (start) | 3 Nephi 7:23(b) |
SCB | 33rd year (passed) | 3 Nephi 8:2 |
SCB | 34th year, 1st month, 4th day | 3 Nephi 8:5 |
SCB | 34th year (in ending) | 3 Nephi 10:18 |
SCB | 34th year (passed | 4 Nephi 1:1(a) |
SCB | 35th year [passed] | 4 Nephi 1:1(b) |
SCB | 36th year | 4 Nephi 1:2 |
SCB | 37th year (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:4 |
SCB | 38th year (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:6(a) |
SCB | 39th year (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:6(b) |
SCB | 41st year (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:6(c) |
SCB | 42nd year (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:6(d) |
SCB | 49 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:6(e) |
SCB | 51st year (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:6(f) |
SCB | 52nd year (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:6(g) |
SCB | 59 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:6(h) |
SCB | 71st year | 4 Nephi 1:14(a) |
SCB | 72nd year (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:14(b) |
SCB | 79th year (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:14(c) |
SCB | 100 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:14(d) |
SCB | 110 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:18 |
SCB | 194 years (from Christ) | 4 Nephi 1:21 |
SCB | 200 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:22 |
SCB | 201st year | 4 Nephi 1:24 |
SCB | 210 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:27 |
SCB | 230 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:34 |
SCB | 231st year | 4 Nephi 1:35 |
SCB | 244 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:40 |
SCB | 250 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:41(a) |
SCB | 260 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:41(a) |
SCB | 300 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:45 |
SCB | 305 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:47 |
SCB | 320 years (passed) | 4 Nephi 1:48 |
SCB | 326 years (passed) | Mormon 2:2 |
SCB | 327th year | Mormon 2:3 |
SCB | 330 years (passed) | Mormon 2:9 |
SCB | 344 years (passed) | Mormon 2:15 |
SCB | 345th year | Mormon 2:16 |
SCB | 346th year | Mormon 2:22 |
SCB | 349th year (passed) | Mormon 2:28(a) |
SCB | 350th year | Mormon 2:28(b) |
SCB | 360 years (from Christ) | Mormon 3:4 |
SCB | 361st year | Mormon 3:7 |
SCB | 362nd year | Mormon 3:8 |
SCB | 363rd year | Mormon 4:1 |
SCB | 364th year | Mormon 4:7 |
SCB | 366th year | Mormon 4:10 |
SCB | 367th year | Mormon 4:15 |
SCB | 375th year | Mormon 4:16 |
SCB | 379 years (passed) | Mormon 5:5 |
SCB | 380th year | Mormon 5:6 |
SCB | 384 years (passed) | Mormon 6:5 |
SCB | 400 years (since Christ) | Mormon 8:6 |
EH | 1st year | Ether 13:18 |
EH | 2nd year | Ether 13:20 |
EH | 3rd year | Ether 13:23 |
EH | 4th year | Ether 13:24 |
SCB | +420 years (passed) | Moroni 10:1 |
- 1 See Mosiah 9:11, 14; 10:3, 5.
- 2 See, for example, Ether 2:13; 9:25; 10:13. See also, David Rolph Seely, “Chronology, Book of Mormon,” in Book of Mormon Reference Companion, ed. Dennis L. Largey (Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book, 2003), 196.
- 3 See 1 Nephi 10:4; 19:8; 2 Nephi 25:19.
- 4 See Evidence Central, “Book of Mormon Evidence: Mathematically Consistent Chronology,” September 20, 2021, online at evidencecentral.org.
- 5 See See Evidence Central, “Book of Mormon Evidence: Sequentially Consistent Chronology,” September 20, 2021, online at evidencecentral.org; Evidence Central, “Book of Mormon Evidence: Mathematically Consistent Chronology,” September 20, 2021, online at evidencecentral.org.
- 6 Multiple calendar systems were used anciently in both Israel and Mesoamerica. For discussions on ancient Jewish calendars, see Jonathan Ben-Dov and Stéphane Saulnier, “Qumran Calendars: A Survey of Scholarship 1980—2007,” Currents in Biblical Research 7, no. 1 (2008):124–168; Sacha Stern, “Rachel Elior on Ancient Jewish Calendars: A Critique,” Aleph 5 (2005): 287–292; Rachel Elior, “Ancient Jewish Calendars: A Response,” Aleph 5 (2005): 293–302; James C. VanderKam, “Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls,” Near Eastern Archaeology 63, no. 3 (2000): 164–167; Daniel E. Fleming, “A Break in the Line: Reconsidering the Bible’s Diverse Festival Calendars,” Revue Biblique 106, no. 2 (1999): 162. For some recent discussions of ancient Mesoamerican calendars, see Anne S. Dowd and Susan Milbrath, eds., Cosmology, Calendars, and Horizon-Based Astronomy in Ancient Mesoamerica (Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2015); Lars Kirkhusmo Pharo, The Ritual Practice of Time: Philosophy and Sociopolitics of Mesoamerican Calendars (Boston, MA: Brill, 2014); Prudence M. Rice, Maya Calendar Origins: Monuments, Mythistory, and the Materialization of Time (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2009).
- 7 SeeEvidence Central, “Book of Mormon Evidence: Mathematically Consistent Chronology,” September 20, 2021, online at evidencecentral.org.
- 8 It has been proposed that a chronological discrepancy arises in Alma 53:22–23 when these verses are compared to Helaman’s account of these same events recorded in Alma 56:9. See John L. Sorenson, “The Significance of the Chronological Discrepancy between Alma 53:22 and Alma 56:9,” FARMS Paper SOR-90b (Provo, UT, 1990); John L. Sorenson, “Mormon’s Sources,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 20, no. 2 (2011), 11. However, the error might simply be in the way that Sorenson interpreted these passages. Readers should note that Alma 53:10–22 doesn’t contain any dates and that these verses clearly act as a digression, giving a brief glimpse of what was happening on a different front of the war during a roughly contemporaneous period of conflict. A careful parsing of verses 22–23 is particularly important: “And now it came to pass that Helaman did march at the head of his two thousand stripling soldiers, to the support of the people in the borders of the land on the south by the west sea. And thus ended the twenty and eighth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi.” It is clear from Helaman’s later epistle that while his initial march to the southwest war front occurred in the 26th year (Alma 56:9), his efforts to support the war effort in this area (including lots of additional marching to and from locations in this region) continued into the 28th year and even beyond (Alma 57:5–6). In other words, Alma 53:10–22 can be seen as a digression/flashback that lets readers know about some key events that were happening on another war front, which events began in the 26th year but clearly continued into the 28th year—the very year which Mormon was discussing before and after the digression (Alma 52:19; 53:23). When Mormon’s statements are interpreted in this way, there is no chronological error or discrepancy.